Preface 1. Turco-Armenian controversy and conspiracy theories Conspiracy Theories on the Adana Incident: Prototypes – Rehashed Theories: The Armenian Version – Rehashed Theories: The Turkish Version – A Disputable Document: the “Report” of Agop Babikyan – A Disputable Documents: The Memoirs of Mehmed Asaf. 2. The Adana province during the nineteenth century The Land of Derebeys – The ‘Reform Division’ and the Beginning of the Centralized Administration – Cotton Export and the Development of Agrarian Economy – Massive Colonization during the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century – Land Accumulation – Emergence of New Local Bosses: The Ağas –The Plight of Muslim Peasants – A Multi-Ethnic Society and the Ethnic Division of Labour – Turco-Armenian Relations 3. The Young Turk revolution and its impact on the Adana province CUP Takeover of Power and its Weakness – Ambivalent Characters of the CUP Adana Branch – The New Provincial Government – Anti-CUP Sentiment among the Muslims – Struggle between the Pro- and Anti-Cevad blocks – Muslim-Armenian Tensions after the Revolution – The Smuggling of fire arms – Armenian cultural activities and their side-effects. 4. A hidden agenda: Demographic warfare and land disputes Armenian Nationalism and the Muslim reaction – Demographic dimension – Rising tension in communal relations – Repeated dispute over the Taylan Çiftliği – New Demographic Pressure after the Young Turk Revolution – Dispute over the Armenian land ownership after the Revolution – The repercussions of the land dispute over Armeno-Muslim relations. 5. The April incidents in Adana The Hovannes Affair and the Excitement of the Muslim Population – The Outbreak of Hostilities – Defence of the Armenians – Muslim Mob – How the Provincial Government Reacted – The End of the Initial Hostilities and an Interlude – The Second Incident. 6. Riots and massacres in the countryside The Hamidiye Incident – The Tarsus Inferno – The Attack of Kozoluk – The Disturbance in the Cebel-i Bereket – The retreat of the Hasanbeyli Armenians – The siege of Dörtyol – The Kozan Prefecture. 7. The aftermath The Casualties – The Relief and Reconstruction Works – A Farewell to Conspiracy Theories. Bibliography