Preface. Acknowledgements. Note on Transliteration and Dates. Abbreviations. Part one: Abdülhamid II, Islam and the Arabs. Introduction. 1. Opposition to the Ottoman Caliphate. 2. Abdülhamid II and Arab Dignitaries in Istanbul. Muhammed Zāfir al-Madani. Abulhuda al-Sayyadi. Sayyid Fazl Pasha. Part two: Syria during the Early Years of Abdülhamid II. 3. Syria and Cevdet Pasha. 4. Midhat Pasha and the Reforms in Syria. 5. Hamdi Pasha and the Consolidation of State Authority in Syria. Part three: The Hijaz during the Early Years of Abdülhamid II. 6. The Hijaz and the Emirate of Hüseyin Pasha in Mecca. 7. The Last Emirate of Sharif Abdulmuttalib in Mecca. Conclusion. Bibliography. Index.