Preface. Abbreviations. 1. Introduction. Blinded by the State: Revisiting Late Ottoman Social History in the Balkans and Arabia. 2. Finding Social History on the Bookshelf: The Tyranny of Sociological Categories in Studies on Albanians and the Balkans. 3. Redefining Tribal Pathologies, Yemen's undeclared Dynamic beyond the Gaze of the State 3. 4 All was not Quiet on the Southern Front: Yemen's Social Hierarchies and the Role of the Ottoman State, 1911-1918. 5. Understanding the Margins of Albanian History: Communities on the Edges of the Ottoman Empire. 6. Defying the State and Defining the State: Local Politics in Educational Reform in the Vilayets of Manastir and Yanya, 1878-1912. 7. Locating Fragmented Identities in Switzerland's Ottoman-Albanian Diaspora, 1899-1920. 8. Undressing Malesore Albanians: Rewriting Late Ottoman History through its Material Culture. 9. Resisting Globalization Through the Eyes of Albanian Muslims: Comparing the Successes of the 19th century to the failures of the 21st. 10. Divergent Loyalties and Their Memory: Albanian Soldiers in the Great War. Conclusion. Bibliography